+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | QUICK VOCABULARY | +----------------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | adnate | Gills that are fully attached to the stem | | adnexed | Gills that are partly attached to the stem | | apex | Top part of stem (ie. where it's attached to the cap) | | concave | Cap that curves 'inward' (like the inside of a sphere) | | convex | Cap that curvews 'outward' (like the outside of a sphere)| | evanescent | Quickly disappearing veil | | fibrillose | Stem that seems to be made of fibers packed together | | fissure | Crack or cleft in cap or gills | | HD | High dose | | hygrophilous | Absorbs water easily | | hygrophanous | Becomes translucent when wet | | LD | Low dose | | MD | Medium dose | | mg/g | Milligrams of substance per gram of *dried* mushroom | | N/A | Not applicable or not available | | seceding | Gills that are detaching/detached from the stem | | umbonate | Cap that is shaped like a knob | | viscid | Cap covered with sticky coating | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | And remember, if you think learning these is too hard, try reading Singer | | & Smith. "Stipe tubular, more rarely subequal, discolors to reddish | | cinerous, strongly sulcate at apex, glabrous to fibrillose..." | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE CYANOPODA => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE CYANOPUS (aka Conocybe cyanopoda, Galerula cyanopus) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A small and uncommon but relatively strong mushroom, often found on lawns.| | Found in the northern parts of the U.S., Canada and northern Europe. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.7-2.5 centimeters | | | color | rusty/dark brown to black | | | appearance | convex, nearly hemispherical, slightly expanding | | | | slightly wrinkled at edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-1.5 millimeters | | | length | 2-4 centimeters | | | color | white or slightly grayish | | | appearance | silky, striated | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | not crowded | | | color | dull rust brown, white edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dull rust brown | | | size | 6.5-7.5 x 4.5-5 x 4.5-5 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, distinct germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 9.30-4.50 | | | psilocin | 0.70-0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.30-1.00 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE SMITHII (aka Galera cyanopes) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | This tiny mushroom is scattered among mosses in swamps, boggy areas and | | ditches. Found in the northern parts of the U.S. and Canada. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.3-1.3 centimeters | | | color | ochra/cinnamon brown, darker at edges | | | appearance | sharply conical but expands with age, glistens | | | | when wet, hygrophanous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.75-1.00 millimeters | | | length | 1-7 centimeters | | | color | pure white | | | appearance | fragile, slightly swollen at base | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | crowded, broad | | | color | ochra/cinnamon brown | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | rust cinnamon brown | | | size | 7-9 x 4-4.5 x 4-4.5 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, small but distinct germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | 0.40-0.80 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GALERA CYANOPES => See CONOCYBE SMITHII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GALERULA CYANOPUS => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NAEMATOLOMA CAERULESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLINA FOENISECII (aka Panaeolus foenisecii, Psilocybe foenisecii, | | "Mower's mushroom") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A very popular mushroom on lawns, grasses and cattle fields of all kind. | | Unlike other Panaeolus species it does *not* grow on dung! | | Grows from midsummer to first signs of winter. This one's everywhere!!! | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-3 centimeters | | | color | light brown to dark brown; dries to yellow-brown | | | appearance | broad, bluntly conical to bell-shaped, expanding | | | | to convex, broadly umbonate, or nearly plane; | | | | surface smooth or cracking into scales in dry | | | | weather; hygrophanous but not viscid; chestnut- | | | | brown to dark brown or cinnamon brown when moist | | | | fades as it dries to dingy buff or tan, often | | | | with darker marginal band when partially dry; | | | | flesh thin and fragile. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters | | | length | 4-10 centimeters | | | color | paler than cap | | | appearance | constant diameter, sometimes with enlarged base, | | | | fragile, more or less smooth, white to dingy | | | | brownish, often becoming brown from the base | | | | upward. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or seceding, fairly close | | | color | brown to deep/grayish/chocolate brown, faces | | | | often mottled and edges paler or whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 12-17 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped, large sprouter | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 0.30 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Often found with other Panaeolus species. | | | "Mini-model" of Pa. subbalteatus. | | | Very low psilocybin content and some specimens have none at all. | | | TASTES HORRIBLE! Tea recommended. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS (aka Panaeolus rickenii) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in horse pastures and rarely on horse manure. From midsummer | | to the borders of winter. This fragile shroom is quite popular in | | Scandinavia and northern Europe. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters | | | color | dark brown/black when wet, dark grey when dry, | | | | light brown from the center | | | appearance | cone-shaped, hygrophilous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-12 centimeters | | | color | greyish | | | appearance | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | crowded together | | | color | grey to black, white tips | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 12-16 x 8-11 x 8-11 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 150 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Makes a good strawberry milkshake! | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS ATER | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Fruits in forest clearings and cow pastures from spring to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters | | | color | dark brown when wet, pale yellow-brown when dry | | | appearance | bell-shaped, spreads until hemispherical, | | | | smooth, hygrophilous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 3-7 centimeters | | | color | paler from tip, darker from bottom | | | appearance | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | narrowly attached | | | color | first dark grey then black | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 9-14 x 6-7.5 x 6-7.5 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS BENANOSIS => See PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS CAMPANULATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in cattle pastures and especially on horse manure, from midsummer | | to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2-4 centimeters | | | color | brown/gray/olive gray when fresh, reddish-brown | | | | and paler olive/tan/buff when drier | | | appearance | bluntly conical or bell-shaped, expands very | | | | little with age; surface not viscid, often | | | | shiny when dry, smooth or finely wrinkled | | | | or often cracking to form scales (especially | | | | in sunlight); margin hung with small, white, | | | | toothlike veil remnants, at least when young; | | | | flesh thin and fragile | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-15 centimeters | | | color | grey or greyish brown | | | appearance | equal or thicker at apex, brittle or fragile, | | | | slightly powdered | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed but often seceding, fairly | | | | close | | | color | first grey, blacken with age; edges whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | black | | | size | 13-18 x 7-12 x 7-12 micrometers | | | shape | elliptical and smooth | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 40-50 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Psilocybin content evidently varies, some people have eaten over | | | 100 of these with no effects. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS RICKENII => See PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS SPHINCTRINUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows on manure of all kind, from summer to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-4 centimeters | | | color | grey to greyish brown, paler when dry | | | appearance | bell-shaped, usually smooth but sometimes bumpy, | | | | not hygrophilous, white scales on the edge | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-12 centimeters | | | color | grey, paler from tip | | | appearance | erect, powdery | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate | | | color | grey brown/black, white tips, veil remnants | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 14-18 x 8-12 x 8-12 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped, with germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 200 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.90 | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS (aka Panaeolus benanosis) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Widespread, found in temperate zones including Canada, the northern parts | | of the U.S. and northern Europe. Grows on grasses, lawns, pastures, | | roadsides; prefers fertilized or manured soil. Grows in the spring and | | fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2-6 centimeters | | | color | variable; brown to reddish/cinnamon brown when | | | | moist, fading as it dries to tan/buff/whitish, | | | | margin often stays darker when dry | | | appearance | broad, convex or bluntly conical, | | | | becoming broadly convex to broadly unbonate | | | | to plane or with an uplifted margin; | | | | surface smooth or wrinkled, in age sometimes | | | | breaking into scales(fissured), not viscid; | | | | flesh thin, brownish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 3-5 millimeters | | | length | 5-10 centimeters | | | color | brown to reddish-brown, often dusted by spores | | | appearance | equal or tapered at either end, hollow but not | | | | fragile; usually longitudinally striated | | | | throughout. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or sececing, close, broad | | | color | pale watery brown or reddish brown, darkens | | | | gradually to black; edges whitish, faces mottled | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark brown | | | size | 11-14 x 7-9 x 6-8 micrometers | | | shape | lens shaped, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | 30 (LD), 60 (MD), 100 (HD) | | | mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-6.00 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.01-0.05 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Often forms tufts of 2-4 fruitbodies. | | | There are several distinct subtypes of Pa. subbalteatus, this is | | | the most common one. | | | Pa. subbalteatus bears some resemblence to Panaeolina foenisecii. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSATHYRA PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE AERUGINEOMACULANS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE ATRORUFA => See PSILOCYBE MONTANA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM (aka Psilocybe mexicana var. longispora) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only around Paso de Cortés and Puebla, Mexico, between 3300 and | | 3700 m elevation. Found in small clusters in open pine woods, fruits in | | September only. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters | | | color | milk white to yellowish | | | appearance | starts obtuse to subumbonate, expands to broadly | | | | conical; edge of cap may become cracked | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.2-0.4 centimeters | | | length | 3.0-6.0 centimeters | | | color | whitish, possibly with gray discolored portions | | | appearance | fibrous, veil remnants may be visible | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, broad | | | color | deep purple brown, pallid/whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark dull ochra brown | | | size | 11-14 x 5-8 x 5-8 micrometers | | | shape | elongated ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. aztecorum resembles Ps. mexicana to some degree and was | | | originally thought to be a variant. Dosage has been estimated on | | | the assumption that they are equally potent; it is known to be a | | | hallucinogen. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE BAEOCYSTIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Can be found growing on ground bark, wood chips, peat moss and sometimes | | on lawns. Common on campuses. This popular mushroom appears from fall | | through midsummer in large clumps. Prevalent throughout the Pacific | | Northwest. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.4-5.4 centimeters | | | color | olive brown to buffy brown, greenish if touched | | | appearance | edge of cap undulates like a bottle cap or | | | | umbrella, a brown spot appears in the center of | | | | the cap after drying | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2.0-3.0 millimeters | | | length | 5.0-7.0 centimeters | | | color | white except for yellowish apex | | | appearance | often characterized by twisting bends | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | relatively closed spaced | | | color | dark cinnamon or gray | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | gray | | | size | 10-13 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | cylindrical with tapered corners | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-8.50 | | | psilocin | 0.50-5.90 | | | baeocystin | 0.10-1.00 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | As the name indicates, it has a lot of baeocystin. | | | This is the only common Psilocybe for which a fatality, a | | | 7-year-old boy, is known. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS (aka Psilocybe mazatecorum, "Durrumbe", | | "Landslide") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana | | and South Carolina to Florida; a Mexican variety called Ps. caerulescens | | mazatecorum exists. Evidently unknown elsewhere. Grows on the banks of | | rivers and streams in the summer during rainy season. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2.0-8.8 centimeters | | | color | deep green to black, fades with age | | | appearance | cone-shaped when young, expands to convex/flat | | | | (never bowl-shaped), smooth and sticky, no | | | | nipple, margin of cap lighter/darker than center | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.2-1.0 centimeters | | | length | 4.0-12.2 centimeters | | | color | glassy-white to grayish | | | appearance | even, hollow, smooth, tough, covered w/ hairs, | | | | possibly remnants of evanescent veil | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced | | | color | light gray to dark brown/black as it ages | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep purple brown | | | size | 6-8 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers | | | shape | elliptic to inequilateral, broad germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | The dosage is an estimate, the mushroom is said to be roughly | | | equivalent to Str. cubensis. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | The nomenclature of this mushroom remains confused. Europeans and most | | ethnopharmacologists call it by its original name, Stropharia (Psilocybe) | | cubensis Earle, which is the name its discoverer R.E. Schultes gave it. | | However, the American mycologist Rolf Singer reclassified it as Psilocybe | | cubensis (Earle) Singer, which is what mycologists usually call it. | | We have decided to stick with Stropharia cubensis. | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS (aka "Wavy Caps", "Blue Halos") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Doesn't grow on dung, but on hardwoods and woodchips. Inhabits landscaped | | yards containing ground bark and dwells under Douglas fir or cedar and in | | mulched rhododendron beds. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter | | in the Pacific Northwest, also found in England. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-4.0 (extreme case 7.5) centimeters | | | color | chestnut brown, lightens to yellowish with age | | | appearance | broad and convex, expands with age to plane or | | | | margin uplifted, viscid when moist, margin of | | | | cap often stained blue (hence the nickname) | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2.5-6.0 millimeters | | | length | 3.0-8.0 centimeters | | | color | dry whitish | | | appearance | silky, fibrous, base enlarged and often curved | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | typically adneted, sometimes seceding; fairly | | | | closely spaced; veil remnants may form tiny ring | | | color | cinnamon color becomes dark brown, edges paler | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | purple-brown/purple-gray/purple-black | | | size | 9-12 x 6-8 x 5-8 micrometers | | | shape | nearly elliptic, smooth, broad germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| dried grams | N/A (LD), 2.0-2.5 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mushrooms | 1-2 (LD), 3-4 (MD), 5+ (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 3.20-16.8 | | | psilocin | 2.00-5.10 | | | baeocystin | 0.10-0.50 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Generally grows in clusters. | | | The most potent Psilocybe mushroom known. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MAZATECORUM => See PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MEXICANA (aka "Teonanácatl") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only in Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Grows from May to October | | in the zone between tropical and temperate climates (1500-1800 meters), | | in open fields or meadows but never dung. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.3 centimeters | | | color | deep ochra to ochra brown | | | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, | | | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a | | | | central 'nipple' | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.1-0.3 centimeters | | | length | 2.0-8.0 centimeters | | | color | ochra, usually paler than cap | | | appearance | hollow | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely to medium spaced | | | color | pale gray, whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep sepia to dark purple brown | | | size | 9-11 x 7-8 x 5-7 micrometers | | | shape | compressed, elliptic/rhombic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. mexicana is the original 'magic mushroom' of the Mazatec | | | Indians and the first one discovered by the West. | | | Ps. mexicana always grows solitary, but there are usually many | | | others near each fruitbody. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MEXICANA var. LONGISPORA => See PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MONTANA (aka Psilocybe atrorufa) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in low moss on sandy land, roadsides etc. From summer to fall, | | sometimes in spring, quite popular. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-2 centimeters | | | color | red-brown, paler when dry | | | appearance | hemispherical, sticky when wet | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-2 millimeters | | | length | 1-4 centimeters | | | color | light brown | | | appearance | crumbles easily | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | widely spaced | | | color | first light brown, become purple-brown with age | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 6-9 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers | | | shape | oval shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 200 (HD) | | | fresh grams | 5 (LD), 15 (MD), 30 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 0.0 (?) | | | psilocin | 0.0 (?) | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Chemical studies have found no psilocybin or psilocin in this, | | | yet reports of its use exist. Caveat emptor. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE PUGETENSIS => See PSILOCYBE STUNTZII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA (aka Psathyra pelliculosa, Psilocybe pelliculosa, | | "Liberty Cap") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found in northern temperate zone throughout the world. Grows inland up to | | a thousand miles (1500 km) from the ocean. Northwestern U.S, Scandinavia, | | the British Isles and western Europe. Very popular in Norway and other | | parts of Scandinavia. Fruits in grasses and cow pastures, parks and | | roadsides in the fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 5-10 millimeters | | | color | brown, drying to yellowish brown | | | appearance | sharply conical, small "nipple" on top, never | | | | expands, incurved, striated margin, sticky when | | | | wet | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters | | | length | 6-10 centimeters | | | color | pallid to yellowish or brown, darkens with age, | | | | does *not* bruise blue | | | appearance | wavy and tough, fibrilliose, veil absent or | | | | rudimentary, small dark ring may be present | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, slant upwards to almost | | | | vertical | | | color | first pale, soon becomes purplish brown | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | brown | | | size | 12-16 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 10.0-11.0 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.90-3.40 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. pelliculosa is actually a separate species, but the two are | | | indistinguishable to the naked eye. It grows in sawdust or wood | | | chip piles in forests where lumberjacks have been working. The | | | two can be distinguished by spore size, with Ps. pelliculosa | | | spores being smaller at 9-13 x 5-7 x 5-7 micrometers. Ps. pelli. | | | is also weaker in potency, having only 1.2-7.1 mg/g and 0.0-0.5 | | | mg/g psilocybin and baeocystin respectively. | | | Ps. semil. contains more baeocystin than most other Psilocybes, | | | which may account for the subjective difference in quality. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE STUNTZII (aka Psilocybe pugetensis) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Commonly found in Washington state (U.S.) and British Columbia (Canada). | | Found on lawns, in fields and bark mulch; originally identified growing | | on the U of Washington campus! Fruits from August to December. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.5 centimeters | | | color | variable; deep olive-brown to chestnut brown if | | | | young, fading to dingy yellow-brown or yellowish | | | | buff; margin often tinged greenish | | | appearance | bluntly conical becoming convex to broadly | | | | umbonate, plane, or with uplifted margin; viscid | | | | when moist; margin striate when moist | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.5-4.0 millimeters | | | length | 2.0-7.0 centimeters | | | color | white to ochraceous brown | | | appearance | becomes hollow with age, equal or thicker at | | | | either end, often curved, not viscid, veil may | | | | form fragile ring or fibrillose zone | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, narrow, close to well spaced | | | color | chocolate brown to violet/black, whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep violet to dark purple | | | size | 8-12 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | not quite elliptic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 3.6-0.4 | | | psilocin | 0.1-0.6 | | | baeocystin | 0.0-0.2 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | This mushroom is quite similar to Ps. cyanescens, Ps. venenata | | | and Ps. subaeruginascens; however, the latter two do not grow in | | | Northern America. There are also some poisonous Galerina species | | | that resemble Ps. stuntzii, so be careful. The Galerinas grow in | | | forested areas, not lawns and fields. | | | Ps. stuntzii can grow either in clusters or solitary. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINOSA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout Australia and regions nearby. Grows solitary or in | | groups on soil in forests. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | up to 5 centimeters | | | color | "biscuit brown", darker when wet | | | appearance | conical with inturned edge when young, becomes | | | | convex when older | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | relatively thin | | | length | up to 10 centimeters | | | color | white with occasional grey/blue/green blotches | | | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, may be attached to stem | | | color | smoky brown/black | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | purplish brown | | | size | 10-15 x 5-9 x 5-9 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-5 (LD), 5-13 (MD), 20+ (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS (aka Psilocybe aerugineomaculans, Stropharia | | caerulescens, Stropharia venenata) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found in some parts of Asia, at least northern Japan and Java, Indonesia. | | Usually found on horse manure but evidently grows on rotten wood as well. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters | | | color | whitish with smoke-brown center | | | appearance | flat to convex, glabrous and smooth | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.5-3.0 millimeters | | | length | 3.0-4.0 centimeters | | | color | white | | | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | widely spaced | | | color | grayish brown, edges paler | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 8-10 x 7-8 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | This mushroom is known to be hallucinogenic in reasonable doses, | | | but unlike most other Psilocybes it is also toxic and possibly | | | even lethal in higher ones (deaths are known). Caveat emptor! | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE ZAPOTECORUM (aka "Mbey San", "Piule de Barda") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only in Oaxaca, Mexico. Grows primarily on soil in swamps. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 6.0-11.0 centimeters | | | color | ochra yellow to brown/purple/black | | | appearance | bell-shaped, becomes breast-shaped; always | | | | twisted and asymmetric in shape | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.0-2.0 centimeters | | | length | 10.0-20.0 centimeters | | | color | brownish (inside of stem lighter or white) | | | appearance | very fibrous, elastic, often twisted, hollow | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | rather closely spaced, not very broad | | | color | violet-purple | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | brown purple | | | size | 6-9 x 4-5 x 3-4 micrometers | | | shape | compressed ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. zapotecorum is used as a hallucinogen by Chatino and Zapotec | | | Indians. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA CAERULESCENS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA CYANESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA (PSILOCYBE) CUBENSIS (aka Naematoloma caerulescens, Psilocybe | | cubensis, Stropharia cyanescens, "San Isidro") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana | | and South Carolina to Florida, as well as most of Central and South | | America, and parts of southeast Asia. Arrived to the Americas with | | Spanish Brahma cattle from the Philippine Islands. Grows on cow manure | | or manure-fertilized soil. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.6-8.0 centimeters | | | color | pure white to light brown, translucent when wet | | | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, | | | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a gold | | | | center spot; covered by sticky protective film; | | | | flesh firm and white; margin sometimes hung | | | | with veil remnants | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.4-1.4 centimeters | | | length | 4.0-15.0 centimeters | | | color | white or bluish-stained | | | appearance | membranous, usually forms a thin fragile ring | | | | on stalk which is blackened by falling spores | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, initially attached to stem but | | | | may separate with age | | | color | light brown/gray to deep purple/black, edges | | | | whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark brown to blackish | | | size | 12-17 x 8-12 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | smooth, nearly elliptic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | dried grams | 1-2 (LD), 3-5 (MD), 10-20 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 4.00-12.0 | | | psilocin | 0.00-1.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.00-0.20 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Str. cubensis is the most important of the psilocybian mushrooms, | | | being common in the Americans and relatively easy to cultivate. | | | Str. cubensis variety cyanescens, found in Florida, is a sort of | | | albino Str. cub. with very little pigment in the cap. | | | Str. cubensis variety caerulescens, found in Indochina, has cap | | | colored clear yellow in some places. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA VENENATA => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ .oO Other psychoactive species Here is a brief list of dosage information on some other mushrooms. Some Psilocybes that are known to contain no psilocybin/psilocin are included. Descriptions have been purposely omitted, since I don't have enough info for a full-scale description like the ones above; if you are interested, look them up in a guide. Genus Shrooms Grams Psilocyb. Psilocin Baeocys. Notes species fresh fresh mg/g dry mg/g dry mg/g dry +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | BOLETUS | | | | | | | | erythropus | | 100+ | | | | 1 | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | COPRINUS | | | | | | | | narcoticus | | 50+ | | | | | | niveus | | 50+ | | | | | | patouillardii | | 50+ | | | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | GYMNOPILUS | | | | | | | | purpuratus | | | 1.0-3.4 | 1.0-3.1 | 0.5-0.1 | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | INOCYBE | | | | | | | | aeruginascens | | | 4.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PANAEOLUS | | | | | | | | olivaceus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PLUTEUS | | | | | | | | atricapillus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | | | salicinus | | | 2.1-3.0 | 0.0-0.5 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PSATHYRELLA | | | | | | | | candolleana | | | 0.04 | 0.05 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PSILOCYBE | | | | | | | | bohemica | | | 8.5-9.3 | | | | | bullacea | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | | | cookei | 10-25 | 2-10 | | | | 2 | | coprophila | 50-200 | 15-100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 3 | | inquilina | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | merdaria | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | muscorum | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | | | percivalii | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | rhombispora | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | squamosa | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | subcoprophila | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ Notes: 1 Has poisonous lookalikes. 2 Very similar to Ps. semilanceata. 3 No psilocybin or psilocin detected chemically despite reports of successful use as a hallucinogen. +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | QUICK VOCABULARY | +----------------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | adnate | Gills that are fully attached to the stem | | adnexed | Gills that are partly attached to the stem | | apex | Top part of stem (ie. where it's attached to the cap) | | concave | Cap that curves 'inward' (like the inside of a sphere) | | convex | Cap that curvews 'outward' (like the outside of a sphere)| | evanescent | Quickly disappearing veil | | fibrillose | Stem that seems to be made of fibers packed together | | fissure | Crack or cleft in cap or gills | | HD | High dose | | hygrophilous | Absorbs water easily | | hygrophanous | Becomes translucent when wet | | LD | Low dose | | MD | Medium dose | | mg/g | Milligrams of substance per gram of *dried* mushroom | | N/A | Not applicable or not available | | seceding | Gills that are detaching/detached from the stem | | umbonate | Cap that is shaped like a knob | | viscid | Cap covered with sticky coating | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | And remember, if you think learning these is too hard, try reading Singer | | & Smith. "Stipe tubular, more rarely subequal, discolors to reddish | | cinerous, strongly sulcate at apex, glabrous to fibrillose..." | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE CYANOPODA => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE CYANOPUS (aka Conocybe cyanopoda, Galerula cyanopus) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A small and uncommon but relatively strong mushroom, often found on lawns.| | Found in the northern parts of the U.S., Canada and northern Europe. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.7-2.5 centimeters | | | color | rusty/dark brown to black | | | appearance | convex, nearly hemispherical, slightly expanding | | | | slightly wrinkled at edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-1.5 millimeters | | | length | 2-4 centimeters | | | color | white or slightly grayish | | | appearance | silky, striated | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | not crowded | | | color | dull rust brown, white edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dull rust brown | | | size | 6.5-7.5 x 4.5-5 x 4.5-5 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, distinct germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 9.30-4.50 | | | psilocin | 0.70-0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.30-1.00 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE SMITHII (aka Galera cyanopes) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | This tiny mushroom is scattered among mosses in swamps, boggy areas and | | ditches. Found in the northern parts of the U.S. and Canada. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.3-1.3 centimeters | | | color | ochra/cinnamon brown, darker at edges | | | appearance | sharply conical but expands with age, glistens | | | | when wet, hygrophanous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.75-1.00 millimeters | | | length | 1-7 centimeters | | | color | pure white | | | appearance | fragile, slightly swollen at base | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | crowded, broad | | | color | ochra/cinnamon brown | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | rust cinnamon brown | | | size | 7-9 x 4-4.5 x 4-4.5 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, small but distinct germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | 0.40-0.80 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GALERA CYANOPES => See CONOCYBE SMITHII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GALERULA CYANOPUS => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NAEMATOLOMA CAERULESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLINA FOENISECII (aka Panaeolus foenisecii, Psilocybe foenisecii, | | "Mower's mushroom") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A very popular mushroom on lawns, grasses and cattle fields of all kind. | | Unlike other Panaeolus species it does *not* grow on dung! | | Grows from midsummer to first signs of winter. This one's everywhere!!! | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-3 centimeters | | | color | light brown to dark brown; dries to yellow-brown | | | appearance | broad, bluntly conical to bell-shaped, expanding | | | | to convex, broadly umbonate, or nearly plane; | | | | surface smooth or cracking into scales in dry | | | | weather; hygrophanous but not viscid; chestnut- | | | | brown to dark brown or cinnamon brown when moist | | | | fades as it dries to dingy buff or tan, often | | | | with darker marginal band when partially dry; | | | | flesh thin and fragile. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters | | | length | 4-10 centimeters | | | color | paler than cap | | | appearance | constant diameter, sometimes with enlarged base, | | | | fragile, more or less smooth, white to dingy | | | | brownish, often becoming brown from the base | | | | upward. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or seceding, fairly close | | | color | brown to deep/grayish/chocolate brown, faces | | | | often mottled and edges paler or whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 12-17 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped, large sprouter | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 0.30 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Often found with other Panaeolus species. | | | "Mini-model" of Pa. subbalteatus. | | | Very low psilocybin content and some specimens have none at all. | | | TASTES HORRIBLE! Tea recommended. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS (aka Panaeolus rickenii) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in horse pastures and rarely on horse manure. From midsummer | | to the borders of winter. This fragile shroom is quite popular in | | Scandinavia and northern Europe. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters | | | color | dark brown/black when wet, dark grey when dry, | | | | light brown from the center | | | appearance | cone-shaped, hygrophilous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-12 centimeters | | | color | greyish | | | appearance | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | crowded together | | | color | grey to black, white tips | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 12-16 x 8-11 x 8-11 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 150 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Makes a good strawberry milkshake! | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS ATER | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Fruits in forest clearings and cow pastures from spring to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters | | | color | dark brown when wet, pale yellow-brown when dry | | | appearance | bell-shaped, spreads until hemispherical, | | | | smooth, hygrophilous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 3-7 centimeters | | | color | paler from tip, darker from bottom | | | appearance | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | narrowly attached | | | color | first dark grey then black | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 9-14 x 6-7.5 x 6-7.5 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS BENANOSIS => See PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS CAMPANULATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in cattle pastures and especially on horse manure, from midsummer | | to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2-4 centimeters | | | color | brown/gray/olive gray when fresh, reddish-brown | | | | and paler olive/tan/buff when drier | | | appearance | bluntly conical or bell-shaped, expands very | | | | little with age; surface not viscid, often | | | | shiny when dry, smooth or finely wrinkled | | | | or often cracking to form scales (especially | | | | in sunlight); margin hung with small, white, | | | | toothlike veil remnants, at least when young; | | | | flesh thin and fragile | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-15 centimeters | | | color | grey or greyish brown | | | appearance | equal or thicker at apex, brittle or fragile, | | | | slightly powdered | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed but often seceding, fairly | | | | close | | | color | first grey, blacken with age; edges whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | black | | | size | 13-18 x 7-12 x 7-12 micrometers | | | shape | elliptical and smooth | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 40-50 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Psilocybin content evidently varies, some people have eaten over | | | 100 of these with no effects. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS RICKENII => See PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS SPHINCTRINUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows on manure of all kind, from summer to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-4 centimeters | | | color | grey to greyish brown, paler when dry | | | appearance | bell-shaped, usually smooth but sometimes bumpy, | | | | not hygrophilous, white scales on the edge | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-12 centimeters | | | color | grey, paler from tip | | | appearance | erect, powdery | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate | | | color | grey brown/black, white tips, veil remnants | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 14-18 x 8-12 x 8-12 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped, with germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 200 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.90 | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS (aka Panaeolus benanosis) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Widespread, found in temperate zones including Canada, the northern parts | | of the U.S. and northern Europe. Grows on grasses, lawns, pastures, | | roadsides; prefers fertilized or manured soil. Grows in the spring and | | fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2-6 centimeters | | | color | variable; brown to reddish/cinnamon brown when | | | | moist, fading as it dries to tan/buff/whitish, | | | | margin often stays darker when dry | | | appearance | broad, convex or bluntly conical, | | | | becoming broadly convex to broadly unbonate | | | | to plane or with an uplifted margin; | | | | surface smooth or wrinkled, in age sometimes | | | | breaking into scales(fissured), not viscid; | | | | flesh thin, brownish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 3-5 millimeters | | | length | 5-10 centimeters | | | color | brown to reddish-brown, often dusted by spores | | | appearance | equal or tapered at either end, hollow but not | | | | fragile; usually longitudinally striated | | | | throughout. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or sececing, close, broad | | | color | pale watery brown or reddish brown, darkens | | | | gradually to black; edges whitish, faces mottled | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark brown | | | size | 11-14 x 7-9 x 6-8 micrometers | | | shape | lens shaped, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | 30 (LD), 60 (MD), 100 (HD) | | | mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-6.00 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.01-0.05 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Often forms tufts of 2-4 fruitbodies. | | | There are several distinct subtypes of Pa. subbalteatus, this is | | | the most common one. | | | Pa. subbalteatus bears some resemblence to Panaeolina foenisecii. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSATHYRA PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE AERUGINEOMACULANS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE ATRORUFA => See PSILOCYBE MONTANA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM (aka Psilocybe mexicana var. longispora) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only around Paso de Cortés and Puebla, Mexico, between 3300 and | | 3700 m elevation. Found in small clusters in open pine woods, fruits in | | September only. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters | | | color | milk white to yellowish | | | appearance | starts obtuse to subumbonate, expands to broadly | | | | conical; edge of cap may become cracked | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.2-0.4 centimeters | | | length | 3.0-6.0 centimeters | | | color | whitish, possibly with gray discolored portions | | | appearance | fibrous, veil remnants may be visible | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, broad | | | color | deep purple brown, pallid/whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark dull ochra brown | | | size | 11-14 x 5-8 x 5-8 micrometers | | | shape | elongated ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. aztecorum resembles Ps. mexicana to some degree and was | | | originally thought to be a variant. Dosage has been estimated on | | | the assumption that they are equally potent; it is known to be a | | | hallucinogen. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE BAEOCYSTIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Can be found growing on ground bark, wood chips, peat moss and sometimes | | on lawns. Common on campuses. This popular mushroom appears from fall | | through midsummer in large clumps. Prevalent throughout the Pacific | | Northwest. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.4-5.4 centimeters | | | color | olive brown to buffy brown, greenish if touched | | | appearance | edge of cap undulates like a bottle cap or | | | | umbrella, a brown spot appears in the center of | | | | the cap after drying | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2.0-3.0 millimeters | | | length | 5.0-7.0 centimeters | | | color | white except for yellowish apex | | | appearance | often characterized by twisting bends | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | relatively closed spaced | | | color | dark cinnamon or gray | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | gray | | | size | 10-13 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | cylindrical with tapered corners | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-8.50 | | | psilocin | 0.50-5.90 | | | baeocystin | 0.10-1.00 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | As the name indicates, it has a lot of baeocystin. | | | This is the only common Psilocybe for which a fatality, a | | | 7-year-old boy, is known. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS (aka Psilocybe mazatecorum, "Durrumbe", | | "Landslide") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana | | and South Carolina to Florida; a Mexican variety called Ps. caerulescens | | mazatecorum exists. Evidently unknown elsewhere. Grows on the banks of | | rivers and streams in the summer during rainy season. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2.0-8.8 centimeters | | | color | deep green to black, fades with age | | | appearance | cone-shaped when young, expands to convex/flat | | | | (never bowl-shaped), smooth and sticky, no | | | | nipple, margin of cap lighter/darker than center | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.2-1.0 centimeters | | | length | 4.0-12.2 centimeters | | | color | glassy-white to grayish | | | appearance | even, hollow, smooth, tough, covered w/ hairs, | | | | possibly remnants of evanescent veil | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced | | | color | light gray to dark brown/black as it ages | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep purple brown | | | size | 6-8 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers | | | shape | elliptic to inequilateral, broad germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | The dosage is an estimate, the mushroom is said to be roughly | | | equivalent to Str. cubensis. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | The nomenclature of this mushroom remains confused. Europeans and most | | ethnopharmacologists call it by its original name, Stropharia (Psilocybe) | | cubensis Earle, which is the name its discoverer R.E. Schultes gave it. | | However, the American mycologist Rolf Singer reclassified it as Psilocybe | | cubensis (Earle) Singer, which is what mycologists usually call it. | | We have decided to stick with Stropharia cubensis. | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS (aka "Wavy Caps", "Blue Halos") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Doesn't grow on dung, but on hardwoods and woodchips. Inhabits landscaped | | yards containing ground bark and dwells under Douglas fir or cedar and in | | mulched rhododendron beds. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter | | in the Pacific Northwest, also found in England. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-4.0 (extreme case 7.5) centimeters | | | color | chestnut brown, lightens to yellowish with age | | | appearance | broad and convex, expands with age to plane or | | | | margin uplifted, viscid when moist, margin of | | | | cap often stained blue (hence the nickname) | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2.5-6.0 millimeters | | | length | 3.0-8.0 centimeters | | | color | dry whitish | | | appearance | silky, fibrous, base enlarged and often curved | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | typically adneted, sometimes seceding; fairly | | | | closely spaced; veil remnants may form tiny ring | | | color | cinnamon color becomes dark brown, edges paler | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | purple-brown/purple-gray/purple-black | | | size | 9-12 x 6-8 x 5-8 micrometers | | | shape | nearly elliptic, smooth, broad germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| dried grams | N/A (LD), 2.0-2.5 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mushrooms | 1-2 (LD), 3-4 (MD), 5+ (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 3.20-16.8 | | | psilocin | 2.00-5.10 | | | baeocystin | 0.10-0.50 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Generally grows in clusters. | | | The most potent Psilocybe mushroom known. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MAZATECORUM => See PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MEXICANA (aka "Teonanácatl") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only in Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Grows from May to October | | in the zone between tropical and temperate climates (1500-1800 meters), | | in open fields or meadows but never dung. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.3 centimeters | | | color | deep ochra to ochra brown | | | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, | | | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a | | | | central 'nipple' | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.1-0.3 centimeters | | | length | 2.0-8.0 centimeters | | | color | ochra, usually paler than cap | | | appearance | hollow | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely to medium spaced | | | color | pale gray, whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep sepia to dark purple brown | | | size | 9-11 x 7-8 x 5-7 micrometers | | | shape | compressed, elliptic/rhombic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. mexicana is the original 'magic mushroom' of the Mazatec | | | Indians and the first one discovered by the West. | | | Ps. mexicana always grows solitary, but there are usually many | | | others near each fruitbody. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MEXICANA var. LONGISPORA => See PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MONTANA (aka Psilocybe atrorufa) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in low moss on sandy land, roadsides etc. From summer to fall, | | sometimes in spring, quite popular. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-2 centimeters | | | color | red-brown, paler when dry | | | appearance | hemispherical, sticky when wet | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-2 millimeters | | | length | 1-4 centimeters | | | color | light brown | | | appearance | crumbles easily | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | widely spaced | | | color | first light brown, become purple-brown with age | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 6-9 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers | | | shape | oval shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 200 (HD) | | | fresh grams | 5 (LD), 15 (MD), 30 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 0.0 (?) | | | psilocin | 0.0 (?) | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Chemical studies have found no psilocybin or psilocin in this, | | | yet reports of its use exist. Caveat emptor. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE PUGETENSIS => See PSILOCYBE STUNTZII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA (aka Psathyra pelliculosa, Psilocybe pelliculosa, | | "Liberty Cap") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found in northern temperate zone throughout the world. Grows inland up to | | a thousand miles (1500 km) from the ocean. Northwestern U.S, Scandinavia, | | the British Isles and western Europe. Very popular in Norway and other | | parts of Scandinavia. Fruits in grasses and cow pastures, parks and | | roadsides in the fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 5-10 millimeters | | | color | brown, drying to yellowish brown | | | appearance | sharply conical, small "nipple" on top, never | | | | expands, incurved, striated margin, sticky when | | | | wet | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters | | | length | 6-10 centimeters | | | color | pallid to yellowish or brown, darkens with age, | | | | does *not* bruise blue | | | appearance | wavy and tough, fibrilliose, veil absent or | | | | rudimentary, small dark ring may be present | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, slant upwards to almost | | | | vertical | | | color | first pale, soon becomes purplish brown | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | brown | | | size | 12-16 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 10.0-11.0 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.90-3.40 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. pelliculosa is actually a separate species, but the two are | | | indistinguishable to the naked eye. It grows in sawdust or wood | | | chip piles in forests where lumberjacks have been working. The | | | two can be distinguished by spore size, with Ps. pelliculosa | | | spores being smaller at 9-13 x 5-7 x 5-7 micrometers. Ps. pelli. | | | is also weaker in potency, having only 1.2-7.1 mg/g and 0.0-0.5 | | | mg/g psilocybin and baeocystin respectively. | | | Ps. semil. contains more baeocystin than most other Psilocybes, | | | which may account for the subjective difference in quality. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE STUNTZII (aka Psilocybe pugetensis) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Commonly found in Washington state (U.S.) and British Columbia (Canada). | | Found on lawns, in fields and bark mulch; originally identified growing | | on the U of Washington campus! Fruits from August to December. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.5 centimeters | | | color | variable; deep olive-brown to chestnut brown if | | | | young, fading to dingy yellow-brown or yellowish | | | | buff; margin often tinged greenish | | | appearance | bluntly conical becoming convex to broadly | | | | umbonate, plane, or with uplifted margin; viscid | | | | when moist; margin striate when moist | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.5-4.0 millimeters | | | length | 2.0-7.0 centimeters | | | color | white to ochraceous brown | | | appearance | becomes hollow with age, equal or thicker at | | | | either end, often curved, not viscid, veil may | | | | form fragile ring or fibrillose zone | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, narrow, close to well spaced | | | color | chocolate brown to violet/black, whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep violet to dark purple | | | size | 8-12 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | not quite elliptic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 3.6-0.4 | | | psilocin | 0.1-0.6 | | | baeocystin | 0.0-0.2 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | This mushroom is quite similar to Ps. cyanescens, Ps. venenata | | | and Ps. subaeruginascens; however, the latter two do not grow in | | | Northern America. There are also some poisonous Galerina species | | | that resemble Ps. stuntzii, so be careful. The Galerinas grow in | | | forested areas, not lawns and fields. | | | Ps. stuntzii can grow either in clusters or solitary. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINOSA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout Australia and regions nearby. Grows solitary or in | | groups on soil in forests. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | up to 5 centimeters | | | color | "biscuit brown", darker when wet | | | appearance | conical with inturned edge when young, becomes | | | | convex when older | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | relatively thin | | | length | up to 10 centimeters | | | color | white with occasional grey/blue/green blotches | | | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, may be attached to stem | | | color | smoky brown/black | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | purplish brown | | | size | 10-15 x 5-9 x 5-9 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-5 (LD), 5-13 (MD), 20+ (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS (aka Psilocybe aerugineomaculans, Stropharia | | caerulescens, Stropharia venenata) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found in some parts of Asia, at least northern Japan and Java, Indonesia. | | Usually found on horse manure but evidently grows on rotten wood as well. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters | | | color | whitish with smoke-brown center | | | appearance | flat to convex, glabrous and smooth | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.5-3.0 millimeters | | | length | 3.0-4.0 centimeters | | | color | white | | | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | widely spaced | | | color | grayish brown, edges paler | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 8-10 x 7-8 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | This mushroom is known to be hallucinogenic in reasonable doses, | | | but unlike most other Psilocybes it is also toxic and possibly | | | even lethal in higher ones (deaths are known). Caveat emptor! | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE ZAPOTECORUM (aka "Mbey San", "Piule de Barda") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only in Oaxaca, Mexico. Grows primarily on soil in swamps. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 6.0-11.0 centimeters | | | color | ochra yellow to brown/purple/black | | | appearance | bell-shaped, becomes breast-shaped; always | | | | twisted and asymmetric in shape | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.0-2.0 centimeters | | | length | 10.0-20.0 centimeters | | | color | brownish (inside of stem lighter or white) | | | appearance | very fibrous, elastic, often twisted, hollow | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | rather closely spaced, not very broad | | | color | violet-purple | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | brown purple | | | size | 6-9 x 4-5 x 3-4 micrometers | | | shape | compressed ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. zapotecorum is used as a hallucinogen by Chatino and Zapotec | | | Indians. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA CAERULESCENS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA CYANESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA (PSILOCYBE) CUBENSIS (aka Naematoloma caerulescens, Psilocybe | | cubensis, Stropharia cyanescens, "San Isidro") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana | | and South Carolina to Florida, as well as most of Central and South | | America, and parts of southeast Asia. Arrived to the Americas with | | Spanish Brahma cattle from the Philippine Islands. Grows on cow manure | | or manure-fertilized soil. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.6-8.0 centimeters | | | color | pure white to light brown, translucent when wet | | | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, | | | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a gold | | | | center spot; covered by sticky protective film; | | | | flesh firm and white; margin sometimes hung | | | | with veil remnants | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.4-1.4 centimeters | | | length | 4.0-15.0 centimeters | | | color | white or bluish-stained | | | appearance | membranous, usually forms a thin fragile ring | | | | on stalk which is blackened by falling spores | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, initially attached to stem but | | | | may separate with age | | | color | light brown/gray to deep purple/black, edges | | | | whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark brown to blackish | | | size | 12-17 x 8-12 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | smooth, nearly elliptic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | dried grams | 1-2 (LD), 3-5 (MD), 10-20 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 4.00-12.0 | | | psilocin | 0.00-1.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.00-0.20 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Str. cubensis is the most important of the psilocybian mushrooms, | | | being common in the Americans and relatively easy to cultivate. | | | Str. cubensis variety cyanescens, found in Florida, is a sort of | | | albino Str. cub. with very little pigment in the cap. | | | Str. cubensis variety caerulescens, found in Indochina, has cap | | | colored clear yellow in some places. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA VENENATA => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ .oO Other psychoactive species Here is a brief list of dosage information on some other mushrooms. Some Psilocybes that are known to contain no psilocybin/psilocin are included. Descriptions have been purposely omitted, since I don't have enough info for a full-scale description like the ones above; if you are interested, look them up in a guide. Genus Shrooms Grams Psilocyb. Psilocin Baeocys. Notes species fresh fresh mg/g dry mg/g dry mg/g dry +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | BOLETUS | | | | | | | | erythropus | | 100+ | | | | 1 | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | COPRINUS | | | | | | | | narcoticus | | 50+ | | | | | | niveus | | 50+ | | | | | | patouillardii | | 50+ | | | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | GYMNOPILUS | | | | | | | | purpuratus | | | 1.0-3.4 | 1.0-3.1 | 0.5-0.1 | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | INOCYBE | | | | | | | | aeruginascens | | | 4.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PANAEOLUS | | | | | | | | olivaceus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PLUTEUS | | | | | | | | atricapillus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | | | salicinus | | | 2.1-3.0 | 0.0-0.5 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PSATHYRELLA | | | | | | | | candolleana | | | 0.04 | 0.05 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PSILOCYBE | | | | | | | | bohemica | | | 8.5-9.3 | | | | | bullacea | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | | | cookei | 10-25 | 2-10 | | | | 2 | | coprophila | 50-200 | 15-100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 3 | | inquilina | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | merdaria | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | muscorum | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | | | percivalii | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | rhombispora | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | squamosa | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | subcoprophila | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ Notes: 1 Has poisonous lookalikes. 2 Very similar to Ps. semilanceata. 3 No psilocybin or psilocin detected chemically despite reports of successful use as a hallucinogen. +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | QUICK VOCABULARY | +----------------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | adnate | Gills that are fully attached to the stem | | adnexed | Gills that are partly attached to the stem | | apex | Top part of stem (ie. where it's attached to the cap) | | concave | Cap that curves 'inward' (like the inside of a sphere) | | convex | Cap that curvews 'outward' (like the outside of a sphere)| | evanescent | Quickly disappearing veil | | fibrillose | Stem that seems to be made of fibers packed together | | fissure | Crack or cleft in cap or gills | | HD | High dose | | hygrophilous | Absorbs water easily | | hygrophanous | Becomes translucent when wet | | LD | Low dose | | MD | Medium dose | | mg/g | Milligrams of substance per gram of *dried* mushroom | | N/A | Not applicable or not available | | seceding | Gills that are detaching/detached from the stem | | umbonate | Cap that is shaped like a knob | | viscid | Cap covered with sticky coating | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | And remember, if you think learning these is too hard, try reading Singer | | & Smith. "Stipe tubular, more rarely subequal, discolors to reddish | | cinerous, strongly sulcate at apex, glabrous to fibrillose..." | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE CYANOPODA => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE CYANOPUS (aka Conocybe cyanopoda, Galerula cyanopus) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A small and uncommon but relatively strong mushroom, often found on lawns.| | Found in the northern parts of the U.S., Canada and northern Europe. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.7-2.5 centimeters | | | color | rusty/dark brown to black | | | appearance | convex, nearly hemispherical, slightly expanding | | | | slightly wrinkled at edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-1.5 millimeters | | | length | 2-4 centimeters | | | color | white or slightly grayish | | | appearance | silky, striated | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | not crowded | | | color | dull rust brown, white edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dull rust brown | | | size | 6.5-7.5 x 4.5-5 x 4.5-5 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, distinct germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 9.30-4.50 | | | psilocin | 0.70-0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.30-1.00 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CONOCYBE SMITHII (aka Galera cyanopes) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | This tiny mushroom is scattered among mosses in swamps, boggy areas and | | ditches. Found in the northern parts of the U.S. and Canada. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.3-1.3 centimeters | | | color | ochra/cinnamon brown, darker at edges | | | appearance | sharply conical but expands with age, glistens | | | | when wet, hygrophanous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.75-1.00 millimeters | | | length | 1-7 centimeters | | | color | pure white | | | appearance | fragile, slightly swollen at base | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | crowded, broad | | | color | ochra/cinnamon brown | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | rust cinnamon brown | | | size | 7-9 x 4-4.5 x 4-4.5 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, small but distinct germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | 0.40-0.80 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GALERA CYANOPES => See CONOCYBE SMITHII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GALERULA CYANOPUS => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NAEMATOLOMA CAERULESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLINA FOENISECII (aka Panaeolus foenisecii, Psilocybe foenisecii, | | "Mower's mushroom") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A very popular mushroom on lawns, grasses and cattle fields of all kind. | | Unlike other Panaeolus species it does *not* grow on dung! | | Grows from midsummer to first signs of winter. This one's everywhere!!! | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-3 centimeters | | | color | light brown to dark brown; dries to yellow-brown | | | appearance | broad, bluntly conical to bell-shaped, expanding | | | | to convex, broadly umbonate, or nearly plane; | | | | surface smooth or cracking into scales in dry | | | | weather; hygrophanous but not viscid; chestnut- | | | | brown to dark brown or cinnamon brown when moist | | | | fades as it dries to dingy buff or tan, often | | | | with darker marginal band when partially dry; | | | | flesh thin and fragile. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters | | | length | 4-10 centimeters | | | color | paler than cap | | | appearance | constant diameter, sometimes with enlarged base, | | | | fragile, more or less smooth, white to dingy | | | | brownish, often becoming brown from the base | | | | upward. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or seceding, fairly close | | | color | brown to deep/grayish/chocolate brown, faces | | | | often mottled and edges paler or whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 12-17 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped, large sprouter | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 0.30 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Often found with other Panaeolus species. | | | "Mini-model" of Pa. subbalteatus. | | | Very low psilocybin content and some specimens have none at all. | | | TASTES HORRIBLE! Tea recommended. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS (aka Panaeolus rickenii) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in horse pastures and rarely on horse manure. From midsummer | | to the borders of winter. This fragile shroom is quite popular in | | Scandinavia and northern Europe. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters | | | color | dark brown/black when wet, dark grey when dry, | | | | light brown from the center | | | appearance | cone-shaped, hygrophilous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-12 centimeters | | | color | greyish | | | appearance | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | crowded together | | | color | grey to black, white tips | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 12-16 x 8-11 x 8-11 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 150 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Makes a good strawberry milkshake! | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS ATER | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Fruits in forest clearings and cow pastures from spring to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters | | | color | dark brown when wet, pale yellow-brown when dry | | | appearance | bell-shaped, spreads until hemispherical, | | | | smooth, hygrophilous | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 3-7 centimeters | | | color | paler from tip, darker from bottom | | | appearance | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | narrowly attached | | | color | first dark grey then black | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 9-14 x 6-7.5 x 6-7.5 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS BENANOSIS => See PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS CAMPANULATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in cattle pastures and especially on horse manure, from midsummer | | to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2-4 centimeters | | | color | brown/gray/olive gray when fresh, reddish-brown | | | | and paler olive/tan/buff when drier | | | appearance | bluntly conical or bell-shaped, expands very | | | | little with age; surface not viscid, often | | | | shiny when dry, smooth or finely wrinkled | | | | or often cracking to form scales (especially | | | | in sunlight); margin hung with small, white, | | | | toothlike veil remnants, at least when young; | | | | flesh thin and fragile | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-15 centimeters | | | color | grey or greyish brown | | | appearance | equal or thicker at apex, brittle or fragile, | | | | slightly powdered | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed but often seceding, fairly | | | | close | | | color | first grey, blacken with age; edges whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | black | | | size | 13-18 x 7-12 x 7-12 micrometers | | | shape | elliptical and smooth | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 40-50 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Psilocybin content evidently varies, some people have eaten over | | | 100 of these with no effects. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS RICKENII => See PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS SPHINCTRINUS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows on manure of all kind, from summer to fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1-4 centimeters | | | color | grey to greyish brown, paler when dry | | | appearance | bell-shaped, usually smooth but sometimes bumpy, | | | | not hygrophilous, white scales on the edge | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters | | | length | 5-12 centimeters | | | color | grey, paler from tip | | | appearance | erect, powdery | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate | | | color | grey brown/black, white tips, veil remnants | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 14-18 x 8-12 x 8-12 micrometers | | | shape | lemon shaped, with germ-pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 200 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.90 | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS (aka Panaeolus benanosis) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Widespread, found in temperate zones including Canada, the northern parts | | of the U.S. and northern Europe. Grows on grasses, lawns, pastures, | | roadsides; prefers fertilized or manured soil. Grows in the spring and | | fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2-6 centimeters | | | color | variable; brown to reddish/cinnamon brown when | | | | moist, fading as it dries to tan/buff/whitish, | | | | margin often stays darker when dry | | | appearance | broad, convex or bluntly conical, | | | | becoming broadly convex to broadly unbonate | | | | to plane or with an uplifted margin; | | | | surface smooth or wrinkled, in age sometimes | | | | breaking into scales(fissured), not viscid; | | | | flesh thin, brownish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 3-5 millimeters | | | length | 5-10 centimeters | | | color | brown to reddish-brown, often dusted by spores | | | appearance | equal or tapered at either end, hollow but not | | | | fragile; usually longitudinally striated | | | | throughout. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or sececing, close, broad | | | color | pale watery brown or reddish brown, darkens | | | | gradually to black; edges whitish, faces mottled | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark brown | | | size | 11-14 x 7-9 x 6-8 micrometers | | | shape | lens shaped, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | 30 (LD), 60 (MD), 100 (HD) | | | mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-6.00 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.01-0.05 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Often forms tufts of 2-4 fruitbodies. | | | There are several distinct subtypes of Pa. subbalteatus, this is | | | the most common one. | | | Pa. subbalteatus bears some resemblence to Panaeolina foenisecii. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSATHYRA PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE AERUGINEOMACULANS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE ATRORUFA => See PSILOCYBE MONTANA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM (aka Psilocybe mexicana var. longispora) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only around Paso de Cortés and Puebla, Mexico, between 3300 and | | 3700 m elevation. Found in small clusters in open pine woods, fruits in | | September only. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters | | | color | milk white to yellowish | | | appearance | starts obtuse to subumbonate, expands to broadly | | | | conical; edge of cap may become cracked | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.2-0.4 centimeters | | | length | 3.0-6.0 centimeters | | | color | whitish, possibly with gray discolored portions | | | appearance | fibrous, veil remnants may be visible | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, broad | | | color | deep purple brown, pallid/whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark dull ochra brown | | | size | 11-14 x 5-8 x 5-8 micrometers | | | shape | elongated ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. aztecorum resembles Ps. mexicana to some degree and was | | | originally thought to be a variant. Dosage has been estimated on | | | the assumption that they are equally potent; it is known to be a | | | hallucinogen. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE BAEOCYSTIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Can be found growing on ground bark, wood chips, peat moss and sometimes | | on lawns. Common on campuses. This popular mushroom appears from fall | | through midsummer in large clumps. Prevalent throughout the Pacific | | Northwest. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.4-5.4 centimeters | | | color | olive brown to buffy brown, greenish if touched | | | appearance | edge of cap undulates like a bottle cap or | | | | umbrella, a brown spot appears in the center of | | | | the cap after drying | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2.0-3.0 millimeters | | | length | 5.0-7.0 centimeters | | | color | white except for yellowish apex | | | appearance | often characterized by twisting bends | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | relatively closed spaced | | | color | dark cinnamon or gray | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | gray | | | size | 10-13 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | cylindrical with tapered corners | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-8.50 | | | psilocin | 0.50-5.90 | | | baeocystin | 0.10-1.00 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | As the name indicates, it has a lot of baeocystin. | | | This is the only common Psilocybe for which a fatality, a | | | 7-year-old boy, is known. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS (aka Psilocybe mazatecorum, "Durrumbe", | | "Landslide") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana | | and South Carolina to Florida; a Mexican variety called Ps. caerulescens | | mazatecorum exists. Evidently unknown elsewhere. Grows on the banks of | | rivers and streams in the summer during rainy season. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 2.0-8.8 centimeters | | | color | deep green to black, fades with age | | | appearance | cone-shaped when young, expands to convex/flat | | | | (never bowl-shaped), smooth and sticky, no | | | | nipple, margin of cap lighter/darker than center | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.2-1.0 centimeters | | | length | 4.0-12.2 centimeters | | | color | glassy-white to grayish | | | appearance | even, hollow, smooth, tough, covered w/ hairs, | | | | possibly remnants of evanescent veil | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced | | | color | light gray to dark brown/black as it ages | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep purple brown | | | size | 6-8 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers | | | shape | elliptic to inequilateral, broad germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | The dosage is an estimate, the mushroom is said to be roughly | | | equivalent to Str. cubensis. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | The nomenclature of this mushroom remains confused. Europeans and most | | ethnopharmacologists call it by its original name, Stropharia (Psilocybe) | | cubensis Earle, which is the name its discoverer R.E. Schultes gave it. | | However, the American mycologist Rolf Singer reclassified it as Psilocybe | | cubensis (Earle) Singer, which is what mycologists usually call it. | | We have decided to stick with Stropharia cubensis. | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS (aka "Wavy Caps", "Blue Halos") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Doesn't grow on dung, but on hardwoods and woodchips. Inhabits landscaped | | yards containing ground bark and dwells under Douglas fir or cedar and in | | mulched rhododendron beds. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter | | in the Pacific Northwest, also found in England. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-4.0 (extreme case 7.5) centimeters | | | color | chestnut brown, lightens to yellowish with age | | | appearance | broad and convex, expands with age to plane or | | | | margin uplifted, viscid when moist, margin of | | | | cap often stained blue (hence the nickname) | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2.5-6.0 millimeters | | | length | 3.0-8.0 centimeters | | | color | dry whitish | | | appearance | silky, fibrous, base enlarged and often curved | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | typically adneted, sometimes seceding; fairly | | | | closely spaced; veil remnants may form tiny ring | | | color | cinnamon color becomes dark brown, edges paler | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | purple-brown/purple-gray/purple-black | | | size | 9-12 x 6-8 x 5-8 micrometers | | | shape | nearly elliptic, smooth, broad germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| dried grams | N/A (LD), 2.0-2.5 (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mushrooms | 1-2 (LD), 3-4 (MD), 5+ (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 3.20-16.8 | | | psilocin | 2.00-5.10 | | | baeocystin | 0.10-0.50 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Generally grows in clusters. | | | The most potent Psilocybe mushroom known. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MAZATECORUM => See PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MEXICANA (aka "Teonanácatl") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only in Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Grows from May to October | | in the zone between tropical and temperate climates (1500-1800 meters), | | in open fields or meadows but never dung. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.3 centimeters | | | color | deep ochra to ochra brown | | | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, | | | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a | | | | central 'nipple' | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.1-0.3 centimeters | | | length | 2.0-8.0 centimeters | | | color | ochra, usually paler than cap | | | appearance | hollow | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely to medium spaced | | | color | pale gray, whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep sepia to dark purple brown | | | size | 9-11 x 7-8 x 5-7 micrometers | | | shape | compressed, elliptic/rhombic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. mexicana is the original 'magic mushroom' of the Mazatec | | | Indians and the first one discovered by the West. | | | Ps. mexicana always grows solitary, but there are usually many | | | others near each fruitbody. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MEXICANA var. LONGISPORA => See PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE MONTANA (aka Psilocybe atrorufa) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grows in low moss on sandy land, roadsides etc. From summer to fall, | | sometimes in spring, quite popular. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-2 centimeters | | | color | red-brown, paler when dry | | | appearance | hemispherical, sticky when wet | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1-2 millimeters | | | length | 1-4 centimeters | | | color | light brown | | | appearance | crumbles easily | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | widely spaced | | | color | first light brown, become purple-brown with age | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | N/A | | | size | 6-9 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers | | | shape | oval shaped | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 200 (HD) | | | fresh grams | 5 (LD), 15 (MD), 30 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 0.0 (?) | | | psilocin | 0.0 (?) | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Chemical studies have found no psilocybin or psilocin in this, | | | yet reports of its use exist. Caveat emptor. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE PUGETENSIS => See PSILOCYBE STUNTZII | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA (aka Psathyra pelliculosa, Psilocybe pelliculosa, | | "Liberty Cap") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found in northern temperate zone throughout the world. Grows inland up to | | a thousand miles (1500 km) from the ocean. Northwestern U.S, Scandinavia, | | the British Isles and western Europe. Very popular in Norway and other | | parts of Scandinavia. Fruits in grasses and cow pastures, parks and | | roadsides in the fall. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 5-10 millimeters | | | color | brown, drying to yellowish brown | | | appearance | sharply conical, small "nipple" on top, never | | | | expands, incurved, striated margin, sticky when | | | | wet | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters | | | length | 6-10 centimeters | | | color | pallid to yellowish or brown, darkens with age, | | | | does *not* bruise blue | | | appearance | wavy and tough, fibrilliose, veil absent or | | | | rudimentary, small dark ring may be present | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, slant upwards to almost | | | | vertical | | | color | first pale, soon becomes purplish brown | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | brown | | | size | 12-16 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 10.0-11.0 | | | psilocin | 0.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.90-3.40 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. pelliculosa is actually a separate species, but the two are | | | indistinguishable to the naked eye. It grows in sawdust or wood | | | chip piles in forests where lumberjacks have been working. The | | | two can be distinguished by spore size, with Ps. pelliculosa | | | spores being smaller at 9-13 x 5-7 x 5-7 micrometers. Ps. pelli. | | | is also weaker in potency, having only 1.2-7.1 mg/g and 0.0-0.5 | | | mg/g psilocybin and baeocystin respectively. | | | Ps. semil. contains more baeocystin than most other Psilocybes, | | | which may account for the subjective difference in quality. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE STUNTZII (aka Psilocybe pugetensis) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Commonly found in Washington state (U.S.) and British Columbia (Canada). | | Found on lawns, in fields and bark mulch; originally identified growing | | on the U of Washington campus! Fruits from August to December. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.5 centimeters | | | color | variable; deep olive-brown to chestnut brown if | | | | young, fading to dingy yellow-brown or yellowish | | | | buff; margin often tinged greenish | | | appearance | bluntly conical becoming convex to broadly | | | | umbonate, plane, or with uplifted margin; viscid | | | | when moist; margin striate when moist | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.5-4.0 millimeters | | | length | 2.0-7.0 centimeters | | | color | white to ochraceous brown | | | appearance | becomes hollow with age, equal or thicker at | | | | either end, often curved, not viscid, veil may | | | | form fragile ring or fibrillose zone | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, narrow, close to well spaced | | | color | chocolate brown to violet/black, whitish edges | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | deep violet to dark purple | | | size | 8-12 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | not quite elliptic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 3.6-0.4 | | | psilocin | 0.1-0.6 | | | baeocystin | 0.0-0.2 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | This mushroom is quite similar to Ps. cyanescens, Ps. venenata | | | and Ps. subaeruginascens; however, the latter two do not grow in | | | Northern America. There are also some poisonous Galerina species | | | that resemble Ps. stuntzii, so be careful. The Galerinas grow in | | | forested areas, not lawns and fields. | | | Ps. stuntzii can grow either in clusters or solitary. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINOSA | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout Australia and regions nearby. Grows solitary or in | | groups on soil in forests. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | up to 5 centimeters | | | color | "biscuit brown", darker when wet | | | appearance | conical with inturned edge when young, becomes | | | | convex when older | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | relatively thin | | | length | up to 10 centimeters | | | color | white with occasional grey/blue/green blotches | | | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, may be attached to stem | | | color | smoky brown/black | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | purplish brown | | | size | 10-15 x 5-9 x 5-9 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-5 (LD), 5-13 (MD), 20+ (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS (aka Psilocybe aerugineomaculans, Stropharia | | caerulescens, Stropharia venenata) | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found in some parts of Asia, at least northern Japan and Java, Indonesia. | | Usually found on horse manure but evidently grows on rotten wood as well. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters | | | color | whitish with smoke-brown center | | | appearance | flat to convex, glabrous and smooth | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.5-3.0 millimeters | | | length | 3.0-4.0 centimeters | | | color | white | | | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | widely spaced | | | color | grayish brown, edges paler | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | violet brown | | | size | 8-10 x 7-8 x 6-7 micrometers | | | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | This mushroom is known to be hallucinogenic in reasonable doses, | | | but unlike most other Psilocybes it is also toxic and possibly | | | even lethal in higher ones (deaths are known). Caveat emptor! | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PSILOCYBE ZAPOTECORUM (aka "Mbey San", "Piule de Barda") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found only in Oaxaca, Mexico. Grows primarily on soil in swamps. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 6.0-11.0 centimeters | | | color | ochra yellow to brown/purple/black | | | appearance | bell-shaped, becomes breast-shaped; always | | | | twisted and asymmetric in shape | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 1.0-2.0 centimeters | | | length | 10.0-20.0 centimeters | | | color | brownish (inside of stem lighter or white) | | | appearance | very fibrous, elastic, often twisted, hollow | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | rather closely spaced, not very broad | | | color | violet-purple | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | brown purple | | | size | 6-9 x 4-5 x 3-4 micrometers | | | shape | compressed ellipsoid, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | N/A | | | psilocin | N/A | | | baeocystin | N/A | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Ps. zapotecorum is used as a hallucinogen by Chatino and Zapotec | | | Indians. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA CAERULESCENS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA CYANESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA (PSILOCYBE) CUBENSIS (aka Naematoloma caerulescens, Psilocybe | | cubensis, Stropharia cyanescens, "San Isidro") | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana | | and South Carolina to Florida, as well as most of Central and South | | America, and parts of southeast Asia. Arrived to the Americas with | | Spanish Brahma cattle from the Philippine Islands. Grows on cow manure | | or manure-fertilized soil. | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |CAP | diameter | 1.6-8.0 centimeters | | | color | pure white to light brown, translucent when wet | | | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, | | | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a gold | | | | center spot; covered by sticky protective film; | | | | flesh firm and white; margin sometimes hung | | | | with veil remnants | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |STEM | diameter | 0.4-1.4 centimeters | | | length | 4.0-15.0 centimeters | | | color | white or bluish-stained | | | appearance | membranous, usually forms a thin fragile ring | | | | on stalk which is blackened by falling spores | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |GILLS | form | closely spaced, initially attached to stem but | | | | may separate with age | | | color | light brown/gray to deep purple/black, edges | | | | whitish | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |SPORES| color | dark brown to blackish | | | size | 12-17 x 8-12 x 7-9 micrometers | | | shape | smooth, nearly elliptic, with germ pore | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) | | | dried grams | 1-2 (LD), 3-5 (MD), 10-20 (HD) | | | mg/g psilocybin | 4.00-12.0 | | | psilocin | 0.00-1.00 | | | baeocystin | 0.00-0.20 | +------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ |OTHER | Str. cubensis is the most important of the psilocybian mushrooms, | | | being common in the Americans and relatively easy to cultivate. | | | Str. cubensis variety cyanescens, found in Florida, is a sort of | | | albino Str. cub. with very little pigment in the cap. | | | Str. cubensis variety caerulescens, found in Indochina, has cap | | | colored clear yellow in some places. | +------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STROPHARIA VENENATA => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ .oO Other psychoactive species Here is a brief list of dosage information on some other mushrooms. Some Psilocybes that are known to contain no psilocybin/psilocin are included. Descriptions have been purposely omitted, since I don't have enough info for a full-scale description like the ones above; if you are interested, look them up in a guide. Genus Shrooms Grams Psilocyb. Psilocin Baeocys. Notes species fresh fresh mg/g dry mg/g dry mg/g dry +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | BOLETUS | | | | | | | | erythropus | | 100+ | | | | 1 | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | COPRINUS | | | | | | | | narcoticus | | 50+ | | | | | | niveus | | 50+ | | | | | | patouillardii | | 50+ | | | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | GYMNOPILUS | | | | | | | | purpuratus | | | 1.0-3.4 | 1.0-3.1 | 0.5-0.1 | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | INOCYBE | | | | | | | | aeruginascens | | | 4.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PANAEOLUS | | | | | | | | olivaceus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PLUTEUS | | | | | | | | atricapillus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | | | salicinus | | | 2.1-3.0 | 0.0-0.5 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PSATHYRELLA | | | | | | | | candolleana | | | 0.04 | 0.05 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | PSILOCYBE | | | | | | | | bohemica | | | 8.5-9.3 | | | | | bullacea | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | | | cookei | 10-25 | 2-10 | | | | 2 | | coprophila | 50-200 | 15-100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 3 | | inquilina | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | merdaria | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | muscorum | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | | | percivalii | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | rhombispora | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | squamosa | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | | subcoprophila | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | | +----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ Notes: 1 Has poisonous lookalikes. 2 Very similar to Ps. semilanceata. 3 No psilocybin or psilocin detected chemically despite reports of successful use as a hallucinogen.